Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
And Still They Come! Dec. 1880. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Lib. 227:280-281. Calisphere. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb7w1005kr/?layout=metadata>. This cartoon shows the futility of the Chinese Exclusion Acts. Immigrants could enter from either Canada or Mexico, meaning the Acts were really just a “farce”.
Be Just- Even to John Chinaman. June 1893. History Project. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://historyproject.ucdavis.edu/ic/image_details.php?id=4883>. This cartoon was very helpful to my research because it gives historical context. It shows the way people thought during the time period.
Chinese and American Miners. The California Gold Rush. Learn NC, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-antebellum/5425>. I used this source for a picture on my timeline; otherwise, it was mostly useless.
“ Chinese Exclusion Act,” Annals of American History. <http://america.eb.com/america/article?articleId=386229>.Web.Accessed April 1, 2014. This document gives the legislation of the Chinese Exclusion Act, making it a reliable source that I can quote. It was helpful to have the original text of what I needed for reference.
“The Chinese Question Again.” Calisphere. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3j49n5w3/?layout=metadata&brand=calisphere>. This cartoon illustrates the futility of the Acts. It provides a great visual to illustrate for my project.
The Chinese Question Again. N.d. Illustration. Calispere. UC Berkeley, Bancroft Lib. 11/16/89. This illustration was helpful in showing the futility of the Chinese Exclusion Act. It provides a visual impact as well as factual basis. All the ways used by the Chinese were, in fact, legitimately used.
Close-up of a boy being interrogated. Angel Island Photo Gallery. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/poets/a_f/angel/gallery.htm>. This picture showed me how intimidating the immigration process was. the boy is clearly scared from the way his face looks. I used it for my page on Angel Island.
Draper, John W. “The Heathen Chinee.” Harper’s Weekly 29 Mar. 1879: 246-47. Harper’s Weekly. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://immigrants.harpweek.com/ChineseAmericans/Items/Item038.htm>. This editorial was very important to my research. It showed me that not everyone hated the Chinese, and that some praised them for their inventions.
Gratz, F. The Anti-Chinese Wall. N.d. MSU Museum. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://museum.msu.edu/exhibitions/virtual/Immigrationandcaricature/7572-1108.html>. This cartoon was helpful because it was a primary source showing resentment towards the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Hayes, Everis Anson. “How the Chinese Exclusion Acts Are Evaded.” Washington. c. 1910. Calisphere. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2014. <http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb0b69n3tv/>. This speech was helpful to my research because it stated the many ways that the Chinese evaded the Exclusion Laws.
Keppler, J. Why they can live on 40 cents a day, and they can’t. N.d. The Society Pages. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://thesocietypages.org/socimages/2008/07/08/old-yellow-peril-anti-chinese-posters/>. This cartoon was very important to my background research because it offered a view of what people thought the Chinese were like at the time. It was a good resource in my project as well.
Nast, Thomas. (Dis-) “Honors Are Easy” Now Both Parties Have Something to Hang on to. 20 May 1882. Illustration. Harper’s Weekly. This cartoon was helpful because it reflected the view that the government was not keeping promises. It was drawn by Thomas Nast, one of the most famous political cartoonists of his time.
Nast, Thomas. Which Color Is to Be Tabooed Next? N.d. Illustration. This cartoon, written by Thomas Nast is, like so many other of his cartoons, critical of the Chinese Exclusion Act. He is showing two Irish men (Fritz and Pat) discussing the new laws, saying if Congress keeps the “yellow man” out, how are they going to stop Congress from calling them “green men” and forcing them out as well. Overall, this was helpful because it shows the impact the Chinese Exclusion Act had on other minority groups.
Nast, Thomas. “More Protection in a Free Country.” Cartoon. Harper’s Weekly: n. pag. Print. This cartoon shows how the British were profiting off the Chinese Exclusion Act by taking the Chinese in after they had been kicked out of America. Again, Thomas Nast is shown criticizing the act, as he mentions the British getting rich off of it. This cartoon was helpful because it showed one of the many negative side effects of the Exclusion acts.
Nast, Thomas. At Last the Democratic Tiger has something to hang On. 22 Apr. 1882. Illustration. Harper’s Weekly. This cartoon was helpful because it provided a primary source, and it is showing a view that the Chinese peoples’ last hope lay in the Republicans. It was drawn by Thomas NAst, a cartoonist who often supported the Chinese.
- - -. E Pluribum Unum (except the Chinese). 1 Apr. 1882. Illustration. This was a helpful cartoon to have on hand. Thomas Nast was one of the most influential cartoonists of his time. He drew this comic two weeks before the first Chinese Exclusion Act was vetoed. The cartoon was helpful to me because it showed a different view of the Chinese Exclusion Act
The Only One Locked Out. N.d. Illustration. This political cartoon was helpful because it provided a satirical view of the Chinese Exclusion Act. It presents a sarcastic punch line “We have to draw the line somewhere, you know.” This was one of the many cartoons opposing the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Photo of Wong Kim Ark. Who was Wong Kim Ark? 89.3 KPCC, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. I used this picture for my timeline.
A Statue for Our Harbor. N.d. Image. This cartoon is one of the most famous ones from the time period. It makes fun of the large influx of Chinese into San Francisco by saying the SF “Statue of Liberty” should be a Chinese man. It represents extreme prejudice towards the Chinese.
Three vaguely Chinese ghosts rise above Chinatown; each bears the name of an infectious disease. 26 May 1882. Illustration. This cartoon exemplifies the stereotype that all Chinese possessed strange diseases. It was helpful to my background research because it allowed me to understand another aspect of negative stereotypes: disease.
“The US Constitution.” Daily Collegian. N.p., 4 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. I used this website for the picture of the US Constitution. It was a supplement to my timeline.
“Where Both Platforms Agree- No Vote- No Use to Either Party.” Cartoon. Puck 14 July 1880: n. pag. Print. This cartoon was helpful to my background research because it shows how both political parties were attempting to get rid of the Chinese. Both parties were anti-Chinese, as characterized by the cartoon.
Secondary Sources
Angel Island Dormitory. Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/connections/chinese-cal/file.html>. This source was helpful to my website because it provides a visual interpretation of the conditions at Angel Island. While the original beds had mattresses, these do not. However, it still shows how cramped the quarters were.
Angell, James Burrill. Photograph. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 14 Feb. 2014.<http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-119998/James-Burrill-Angell>. This photograph is a picture of James Angell, writer of the Angell Treaty. I needed it for my timeline.
Bird’s-Eye view of Angel Island. History. Angel Island Conservancy, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://angelisland.org/history/>. I used this source for the excellent picture of Angel Island. One can clearly see ships leaving and arriving at the island.
“Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).” Our Documents. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47>. I used this website for a visual on the first page. It provides a picture of the original Chinese Exclusion Act, and made the Chinese Exclusion Act feel less than giant chunks of text on a page and more of a real document.
Gyory, Andrew. Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1998. Print. This book was very helpful to my project because it was a very comprehensive source of information about my topic. The information is clear and it is a great source of quotes I can use.
The Immigrant Experience. Macintosh/Windows version. ed. Woodbridge: Primary Source Media, 1997. Gale. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. This source was helpful because it talked about the hardships of Chinese immigrants in the 1800s. The source tells about things that whites did to combat the Chinese. It talks about the influence of Chinese immigrants in the late 1800s.
Kutler, Stanley I. Dictionary of American History. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003. Gale Databases. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3401800795&v=2.1&u=poway_mvms&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=2b05cd831cb047cfb50c3186b63b2c3d>. This source was helpful because it provided some background information. The source talks about the Burlingame treaty, which gave Chinese the unlimited right to emigrate. This was repealed in 1882 with the CEA.
Lee, Erika. At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2003. Print. This source was helpful to my research because it talks about an aspect of Chinese exclusion that is rarely mentioned, that is, what happened during the exclusion era. Thus it is one of the most helpful resources I have found.
- - -. Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary Sources. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. Gale Biography in Context. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. This source was helpful to me because it talked about the many hardships that Chinese people faced. The source is helpful because not only does it talk about what happened in America, it also talks about Hawaii
Sigler, Jay A. Civil Rights in the United States. Woodbridge: Primary Source Media, 1999. Gale. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. This source is helpful because it provides helpful insight into the background of the Chinese Exclusion Act. The source mentions the fact the Chinese were “cheap labor” and willing to work for low wages.
Tell Me More: Author Recalls Chinese American History in ‘Driven Out’. By Michel Martin. Gale. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA166533298&v=2.1&u=poway_mvms&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=22b0b1f023e048f313731b6fce412abb>. This audio clip was helpful because it talks about the many hardships faced by the Chinese in 1882. Jean Pfzealer does a nice job of explaining the vigilantes’ actions.
Angell, James Burrill. Photograph. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 14 Feb. 2014.<http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-119998/James-Burrill-Angell>. This photograph is a picture of James Angell, writer of the Angell Treaty. I needed it for my timeline.
Bird’s-Eye view of Angel Island. History. Angel Island Conservancy, n.d. Web. 14 Feb. 2014. <http://angelisland.org/history/>. I used this source for the excellent picture of Angel Island. One can clearly see ships leaving and arriving at the island.
“Chinese Exclusion Act (1882).” Our Documents. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=47>. I used this website for a visual on the first page. It provides a picture of the original Chinese Exclusion Act, and made the Chinese Exclusion Act feel less than giant chunks of text on a page and more of a real document.
Gyory, Andrew. Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1998. Print. This book was very helpful to my project because it was a very comprehensive source of information about my topic. The information is clear and it is a great source of quotes I can use.
The Immigrant Experience. Macintosh/Windows version. ed. Woodbridge: Primary Source Media, 1997. Gale. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. This source was helpful because it talked about the hardships of Chinese immigrants in the 1800s. The source tells about things that whites did to combat the Chinese. It talks about the influence of Chinese immigrants in the late 1800s.
Kutler, Stanley I. Dictionary of American History. 3rd ed. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003. Gale Databases. Web. 8 Oct. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3401800795&v=2.1&u=poway_mvms&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=2b05cd831cb047cfb50c3186b63b2c3d>. This source was helpful because it provided some background information. The source talks about the Burlingame treaty, which gave Chinese the unlimited right to emigrate. This was repealed in 1882 with the CEA.
Lee, Erika. At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2003. Print. This source was helpful to my research because it talks about an aspect of Chinese exclusion that is rarely mentioned, that is, what happened during the exclusion era. Thus it is one of the most helpful resources I have found.
- - -. Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary Sources. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2006. Gale Biography in Context. Web. 9 Oct. 2013. This source was helpful to me because it talked about the many hardships that Chinese people faced. The source is helpful because not only does it talk about what happened in America, it also talks about Hawaii
Sigler, Jay A. Civil Rights in the United States. Woodbridge: Primary Source Media, 1999. Gale. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. This source is helpful because it provides helpful insight into the background of the Chinese Exclusion Act. The source mentions the fact the Chinese were “cheap labor” and willing to work for low wages.
Tell Me More: Author Recalls Chinese American History in ‘Driven Out’. By Michel Martin. Gale. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Oct. 2013. <http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA166533298&v=2.1&u=poway_mvms&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w&asid=22b0b1f023e048f313731b6fce412abb>. This audio clip was helpful because it talks about the many hardships faced by the Chinese in 1882. Jean Pfzealer does a nice job of explaining the vigilantes’ actions.